This Article was originally published on The Conversation. A previous version stated that the 9th letter in the example DNA strand was an A. The sugar in all four nucleotides is called deoxyribose. This article has been amended to correct an error. All four nucleotides (A, T, G and C) are made by sticking a phosphate group and a nucleobase to a sugar. Reading someone’s DNA allows doctors to spot and treat these diseases before they become too bad. This might cause some of your cells to not work properly.įor example, just one wrong letter in one particular gene might mean someone is more likely to become diabetic, or get cancer when they are older. ![]() Adenine always pairs with Thymine in the DNA ladder, as do Cytosine. Reading DNA is useful because sometimes the letters in the genes aren’t quite right, like a misspelled word in a set of instructions. What does ACTG stand for in DNA ATCG are the bases in DNA. These bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). This polymer is made from two strands that are wrapped around each other in a twisting shape that we call a double helix (Fig. By putting that all together, she can read the whole DNA sequence. Nitrogenous bases hold the strands together via hydrogen bonding. She then does exactly the same thing with the other tubes and works out that the 1st and 6th letters are Ts, the 3rd, 4th and 9th letters are Cs and the 7th is a G. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a chemical found in the nucleus of cells and carries the instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms. By doing this, she can work out that the 2nd, 5th and 8th letters are all As. She then counts how many pairs are in each strand of DNA. They act as 'bridges,' matching a codon in an mRNA with the amino acid it codes for. tRNAs ( transfer RNAs) carry amino acids to the ribosome. ![]() The scientist reading the DNA knows that each strand in this tube ends in an A*. They also catalyze the reaction that links amino acids to make a new protein.
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